In 2019, US-based pediatric heart doctor Clayton Smith and colleagues published “Long-Term Outcomes of Tetralogy of Fallot: A Study From the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium,” hereafter, “Long-Term Outcomes,” in JAMA Cardiology. The Tetralogy of Fallot, or TOF, is a group of four congenital anatomical heart abnormalities, all of which lead to the circulation of oxygen-poor blood throughout the body. Congenital conditions are ones that are present from birth. The researchers, who at the time of publication were all affiliated with US medical schools or hospitals, investigated the long-term outcomes of individuals who underwent several different types of complete repair surgery, which is the surgery that remedies all four TOF defects, within the first three months of life. Prior to the release of “Long-Term Outcomes,” studies of TOF outcomes used data from single centers in the US or non-US patient cohorts. “Long-Term Outcomes” was one of the largest US-based, multicenter studies to evaluate the effectiveness of different strategies of complete surgical repair in remedying TOF, a condition that affects around 1,700 infants born in the US every year.