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Spina bifida is a birth defect that affects the spines of developing fetuses and infants, and research in the 20th century indicated that chemicals…
Agent OrangeHerbicidesSpina BifidaNeural tube--AbnormalitiesSpinal cord--AbnormalitiesIn the late 1990s researchers Yuk Ming Dennis Lo and his colleagues isolated fetal DNA extracted from pregnant woman’s blood. The technique enabled…
AmniocentesisChorionic Villus SamplingFetusObstetricsDNAArthur Earl Walker was a medical researcher and physician who studied the brain and neurosurgery in the United States during the twentieth century.…
NeurologyBrain--Ventricles--SurgeryJohns Hopkins HospitalJohns Hopkins Hospital. Department of MedicineDandy-Walker SyndromeHydrocephalus is a congenital or acquired disorder characterized by the abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cavities of the brain…
HydrocephalusDandy, Walter Edward, 1886-1946Arnold-Chiari DeformityBrain--DiseasesInfants--DiseasesSprayed extensively by the US military in Vietnam, Agent Orange contained a dioxin contaminant later found to be toxic to humans. Despite reports by…
Agent OrangeHerbicidesSpina BifidaNeural tube--AbnormalitiesSpinal cord--AbnormalitiesHermann Joseph Muller conducted three experiments in 1926 and 1927 that demonstrated that exposure to x-rays, a form of high-energy radiation, can…
X-raysRadiationGeneticsMutationDrosophilaEdward Charles Dodds researched the function and effects of natural and artificial hormones on the endocrine system in England during the twentieth…
Dodds, E. C. (Edward Charles), 1899-EndocrinologyEstrogenDiethylstilbestrolDiethylstilbestrol--CarcinogenicityThe Golgi staining technique, also called the black reaction after the stain's color, was developed in the 1870s and 1880s in Italy to make brain…
TechnologyGolgi, Camillo, 1843-1926Stains and staining (Microscopy)NeuronsMicroscope slidesIn 1893, Julia Barlow Platt published her research on the origins of cartilage in the developing head of the common mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus)…
CartilageEmbryosGastrulationEmbryologyNecturusIn the early 1920s, researchers Edgar Allen and Edward Adelbert Doisy conducted an experiment that demonstrated that ovarian follicles, which produce…
OvariesCorpus LuteumEndometriumEstrogenHormones, Sex