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Ben A. Barres (1954–2017)

By: Aida Movahed | Published: Aug 06, 2025

Ben Barres researched neurobiology during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries as a professor at Stanford University School of…

Neurodegenerative DiseasesNeurogliaOligodendrogliaOligodendrocyte Precursor CellsBrain

David Hunter Hubel (1926–2013)

By: Dina A. Lienhard | Published: Jan 03, 2018

David Hunter Hubel studied the development of the visual system and how the brain processes visual information in the US during the twentieth century…

Hubel, David H.Kuffler, Stephen W.Wiesel, Torsten N.Johns Hopkins Medical SchoolHarvard Medical School

Alexis Carrel's Immortal Chick Heart Tissue Cultures (1912-1946)

By: Lijing Jiang | Published: Jul 03, 2012

In an effort to develop tissue culture techniques for long-term tissue cultivation, French surgeon and biologist Alexis Carrel, and his associates,…

Carrel, Alexis, 1873-1944Tissue cultureCellsGerm CellsEmbryos

Treatment of Anemia during Pregnancy (1931), by Lucy Wills

By: Lauren Lynch | Published: Apr 20, 2017

In 1931, physician Lucy Wills conducted a study of nutritional deficiencies that caused anemia in pregnant women in Bombay, India, later renamed…

AnemiaPernicious AnemiaFolic AcidAnemia in pregnancyErythrocytes

Moore v. Regents of the University of California (1990)

By: Rohini Nott | Published: Nov 18, 2020

On 9 July 1990, in Moore v. Regents of the University of California, the Supreme Court of California ruled in a four-to-three decision that…

LawMedical laws and legislationLegal MedicineRight of propertyRight of property--United States--History

Gastrulation in Mus musculus (common house mouse)

By: Justin M. Wolter | Published: Oct 04, 2012

As mice embryos develop, they undergo a stage of development called gastrulation. The hallmark of vertebrate gastrulation is the reorganization of…

GastrulationMiceGerm CellsSomatic embryogenesisEmbryos
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“How Colonization by Microbiota in Early Life Shapes the Immune System” (2016), by Thomas Gensollen, Shankar S. Iyer, Dennis L. Kasper, Richard S. Blumberg

By: Maggie Zhou | Published: Aug 21, 2024

In 2016, researcher Thomas Gensollen and colleagues published “How Colonization by Microbiota in Early Life Shapes the Immune System,” hereafter, “…

MicrobiotaImmune SystemImmune ResponseImmune System DisordersMicrobiomes

Lysogenic Bacteria as an Experimental Model at the Pasteur Institute (1915-1965)

By: Valerie Racine | Published: Oct 10, 2014

Lysogenic bacteria, or virus-infected bacteria, were the primary experimental models used by scientists working in the laboratories of the Pasteur…

ContextInstitut Pasteur (Paris, France)BacteriaEscherichia coliMonod, Jacques

August Friedrich Leopold Weismann (1834-1914)

By: Yawen Zou | Published: May 23, 2014

August Friedrich Leopold Weismann studied how the traits of organisms developed and evolved in a variety of organisms, mostly insects and aquatic…

Germ CellsHeredity
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“A Sex Chromosome Anomaly in a Case of Gonadal Dysgenesis (Turner’s Syndrome)” (1959), by Charles Edmund Ford, K. W Jones, Paul E. Polani, J. C De Almeida, and J. H Briggs

By: Megha Pillai | Published: Aug 06, 2024

In 1959, Charles Edmund Ford and colleagues published “A Sex Chromosome Anomaly in a Case of Gonadal Dysgenesis (Turner’s Syndrome),” hereafter “A…

Turner SyndromeGonadal DysgenesisGonadal Dysgenesis, XOGonadal Dysgenesis, 45, XAbnormalities, Sex Chromosome