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The International HapMap Project (2002–2010)

By: Matthew Tontonoz | Published: Aug 10, 2025

Launched in 2002, the International HapMap Project was a collaborative effort among scientists from around the world to create a map of common…

HapMap ProjectHuman Haplotype MapInternational HapMap ProjectHaplotypesGenome, human

The Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccine

By: Christian H. Ross | Published: Mar 30, 2017

The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine was created by Maurice Hilleman in 1971 at the Merck Institute of Therapeutic Research, a…

TechnologyMMR VaccineViral vaccinesCombined VaccinesRubella

Paul Kammerer's Experiments on Sea-squirts in the Early Twentieth Century

By: Federica Turriziani Colonna | Published: Apr 13, 2015

In the early twentieth century, Paul Kammerer, a zoologist working at the Vivarium in Vienna, Austria, experimented on sea-squirts (Ciona…

Sea SquirtsCiona intestinalisKammerer, Paul, 1880-1926Laboratory animals--Breeding--ExperimentsAdaptation

Congenital Vertebral Defects

By: Corinne DeRuiter | Published: Sep 12, 2010

The spinal column is the central structure in the vertebrate body from which stability, movement, and posture all derive. The vertebrae of the spine…

Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and AbnormalitiesReproductionVertebratesCongenital Disorders

Neural Tube Defects (NTD): Folic Acid and Pregnancy

By: Tristan Cooper-Roth | Published: Oct 20, 2010

In the US, one in 1000 births is affected by neural tube defects (NTD). A neural tube defect is a birth defect involving the malformation of body…

Neural Tube DefectsReproductionCongenital DisordersHuman Development

Karl Wilhelm Theodor Richard von Hertwig (1850-1937)

By: Benjamin Garcia, Katherine Brind'Amour | Published: Nov 01, 2007

Karl Wilhelm Theodor Richard von Hertwig is an important figure in the history of embryology for his contributions of artificial hybridization of sea…

PeopleZoologyBiographyHybridizationSea Urchins
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Vasectomy for Male Sterilization

By: Cole Nichols | Published: Jun 03, 2024

A vasectomy is a surgery that works to inhibit reproduction by interrupting the passage of sperm through the vas deferens, a tube in the male…

VasectomyVasovasostomyVasectomy ReversalEugenicsSterilization, Reproductive

August Antonius Rauber (1841-1917)

By: Maria Doty | Published: Jun 10, 2011

August Antonius Rauber was an embryologist and anatomist who examined gastrulation in avian embryos. He examined the formation of the blastopore,…

PeopleGastrulationChicks

"A Diffusible Agent of Mouse Sarcoma, Producing Hyperplasia of Sympathetic Ganglia and Hyperneurotization of Viscera in the Chick Embryo" (1953), by Rita Levi-Montalcini and Viktor Hamburger

By: Adam R. Navis | Published: Nov 09, 2007

"A Diffusible Agent of Mouse Sarcoma, Producing Hyperplasia of Sympathetic Ganglia and Hyperneurotization of Viscera in the Chick Embryo," by Rita…

Nerve Growth FactorExperimentsMiceChicks

Florence Rena Sabin (1871-1953)

By: Kimberly A. Buettner | Published: Nov 01, 2007

Florence Rena Sabin had successful careers as both a researcher and public health reformer. When Johns Hopkins University Medical School opened,…

PeopleBiographypublic healthEducation