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Gertrude Belle Elion (1918–1999)

By: Eboni E. Andersun | Published: May 23, 2024

Gertrude Belle Elion was a twentieth-century scientist in the US who researched the structure of viral DNA to help develop anti-viral medications.…

AcyclovirHerpesvirus 1, HumanHerpesvirus 2, HumanDNA, ViralHIV (Viruses)

"Genetic Evidence Equating SRY and the Testis-Determining Factor" (1990), by Phillippe Berta et al.

By: Troy Cox | Published: Jan 10, 2014

In the late 1980s, Peter Goodfellow in London, UK led a team of researchers who showed that the SRY gene in humans codes a protein that causes testes…

TestisY ChromosomeEmbryosChromosomesSex Chromosomes

Gardasil HPV Vaccination Series

By: Alexis Darby, Grace Kim | Published: Jul 30, 2021

In 2006, United States pharmaceutical company Merck released the Gardasil vaccination series, which protected recipients against four strains of…

TechnologyHPV VaccinePapillomavirus InfectionsCervical CancerGenital Warts

Charles Robert Cantor (1942- )

By: Alexis Abboud | Published: Jun 11, 2015

Charles Robert Cantor helped sequence the human genome, and he developed methods to non-invasively determine the genes in human fetuses. Cantor…

Human Genome ProjectDNAfetal developmentFetusEmbryos

Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)

By: Erica O'Neil | Published: Jan 10, 2014

Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) can occur in children whose mothers contracted the rubella virus, sometimes called German measles, during pregnancy…

RubellaRubella in pregnancyRubella virusPregnancyEmbryos

Environment and Birth Defects (1973), by James G. Wilson

By: S. Alexandra Aston | Published: Jun 21, 2014

Environment and Birth Defects by James Graves Wilson in the US was published in 1973. The book summarized information on the causes of malformations…

LiteratureBirth DefectsAbnormalities, HumanTeratogensTeratology

Brian K. Hall (1941- )

By: Editorial Team, EP | Published: Jul 07, 2009

Brian Hall is the son of Doris Garrad and Harry Hall, and was born in Port Kembla, NSW Australia, on 28 October 1941. He attended the University of…

Neural CrestBiography

Tay-Sachs Disease

By: Kristin Kelley | Published: Oct 29, 2010

In 1881 British opthalmologist Warren Tay made an unusual observation. He reported a cherry-red spot on the retina of a one-year-old patient, a…

Tay-Sachs DiseaseCongenital DisordersHeredity
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Mary Frances Lyon (1925–2014)

By: Devangana Shah | Published: Jul 04, 2025

Mary Frances Lyon studied gene expression and developed the theory of X-chromosome inactivation, also called Lyonization, during the twentieth…

Gene ExpressionX Chromosome InactivationLyon HypothesisLyonizationMutation

A Toolkit for Integrating Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) into Humanitarian Response (2017), by Marni Sommer, Margaret Schmitt, and David Clatworthy

By: Emily Santora | Published: Mar 31, 2021

In October 2017, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health in New York City, New York, and the International Rescue Committee published A…

LiteratureRefugee campsWomen refugeesRefugee childrenDisplaced Persons