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Lynn Petra Alexander Sagan Margulis (1938-2011)
By: Dorothy Regan Haskett
| Published: Mar 23, 2014
Lynn Petra Alexander Sagan Margulis was an American biologist, whose work in the mid-twentieth century focused on cells living together in a mutually…
Eukaryotic cellsMitosissymbiosisMitochondriaMicroorganisms--Evolution
"The Development of the Turtle Carapace" (1989), by Ann Campbell Burke
By: Guido Caniglia
| Published: Oct 20, 2011
Ann Campbell Burke examines the development and evolution of vertebrates, in particular, turtles. Her Harvard University experiments, described in…
LiteratureExperimentsPublicationsTurtlesEvolution
Ernst Haeckel's Biogenetic Law (1866)
By: M. Elizabeth Barnes
| Published: May 03, 2014
The biogenetic law is a theory of development and evolution proposed by Ernst Haeckel in Germany in the 1860s. It is one of several recapitulation…
EvolutionDevelopmental BiologyEmbryologyAnatomy, Comparative
Gavin Rylands de Beer (1899-1972)
By: Megan Kearl
| Published: Jun 02, 2010
Gavin de Beer was an English zoologist known for his contributions to evolution and embryology, in particular for showing the inadequacy of the germ…
PeopleBiographyEvolutionZoology
Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (1922–2018)
By: Tea Zawilak
| Published: Aug 10, 2025
Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (1922–2018) was a researcher whose work explored the relationships between human genetic diversity and historical…
genetic variationGenetic DriftAnthropologyHuman GeneticsPopulation genetics
Essay: Homology
By: Ingo Brigandt
| Published: Nov 23, 2011
Homology is a central concept of comparative and evolutionary biology, referring to the presence of the same bodily parts (e.g., morphological…
Homology (Biology)Morphology
"The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme" (1979), by Stephen J. Gould and Richard C. Lewontin
By: M. Elizabeth Barnes
| Published: Nov 14, 2014
The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme, hereafter called The Spandrels, is an article…
LiteratureGould, Stephen JayEvolutionAdaptationBaer, Karl Ernst von, 1792-1876
Richard Woltereck's Concept of Reaktionsnorm
By: B. R. Erick Peirson
| Published: Sep 06, 2012
Richard Woltereck first described the concept of Reaktionsnorm (norm of reaction) in his 1909 paper 'Weitere experimentelle Untersuchungen uber Art-…
Woltereck, Richard, 1877-1944EvolutionDaphniaEmbryologyHeredity
Edwin Stephen Goodrich (1868-1946)
By: Joe Brinkman
| Published: Dec 30, 2014
Edwin Stephen Goodrich studied the structures of animals in England during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Goodrich studied how animals…
ZoologyHomology (Biology)InvertebratesEvolution
John Tyler Bonner (1920- )
By: Mary E. Sunderland
| Published: May 09, 2008
The establishment and growth of developmental-evolutionary biology owes a great debt to the work of John Tyler Bonner. Bonner's studies of cellular…
PeopleDictyosteliidaBiographyMorphogenesisMulticellularity