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In the 2014 case Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, the US Supreme Court ruled that the contraceptive mandate promulgated under the Patient Protection and…
LawUnited States. Supreme CourtContraceptionEmployer-sponsored health insuranceEmployer-sponsored health insurance--Law and legislationKarl Oskar Illmensee studied the cloning and reproduction of fruit flies, mice, and humans in the US and Europe during the twentieth and twenty-first…
CloningMolecular CloningClone CellsTwinsEmbryosIn the 1964 article, “Pelvic Scoring for Elective Induction,” obstetrician Edward Bishop describes his method to determine whether a doctor should…
LiteratureBishop, Edward H.ChildbirthLabor, Induced (Obstetrics)ObstetricsJohn Hunter studied human reproductive anatomy, and in eighteenth century England, performed one of the earliest described cases of artificial…
Artificial InseminationDeadBody snatchingPregnancyAnatomyVirginia Apgar worked as an obstetrical anesthesiologist, administering drugs that reduce women’s pain during childbirth, in the US in the mid-…
Apgar, Virginia, 1909-1974Apgar ScorePregnancyObstetricsChildbirthIn 1955, obstetrician Edward Bishop, a physician specializing in childbirth, published the article “Elective Induction of Labor,” in which he…
LiteratureReproductionChildbirthLabor, Induced (Obstetrics)ObstetricsIn the nineteenth century, obstetricians in Europe began to construct devices to incubate infants in increasingly controlled environments. The infant…
TechnologyPremature InfantsObstetricsMaternal and infant welfareIncubators (Pediatrics)John Chassar Moir lived in Scotland during the twentieth century and helped develop techniques to improve the health of pregnant women. Moir helped…
ObstetricsPregnancyErgot AlkaloidsHemorrhageVaginaPierre Constant Budin worked in France to improve the lives of newborns and their mothers during the late nineteenth century. Budin stressed the…
Budin, P. (Pierre), 1846-1907BreastfeedingPremature InfantsBreast milkFetusThe Planned Parenthood Committee of Phoenix was established in 1942 to expand Arizona women's access to family planning resources. The Planned…
OrganizationContraceptionDiaphragms, VaginalBirth control clinicsGynecology