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The Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Vertebrates
By: Dorothy Regan Haskett
| Published: Jun 27, 2016
The hedgehog signaling pathway is a mechanism that regulates cell growth and differentiation during embryonic development, called embryogenesis, in…
Drosophila melanogasterCyclopiaGenetic regulationZebra danioGenes
Anencephaly
By: Jesse King
| Published: Feb 13, 2013
Anencephaly is an open neural tube defect, meaning that part of the neural tube does not properly close or that it has reopened during early…
fetal developmentFetus--AbnormalitiesBirth DefectsEmbryologyPregnancy
The March of Dimes Foundation
By: Ajeet Bains
| Published: May 17, 2021
The March of Dimes Foundation, or the March of Dimes, is a non-profit organization headquartered in Arlington, Virginia, focused on the health of…
OrganizationsPoliomyelitisInfantile ParalysisPolioBirth Defects
James G. Wilson's Six Principles of Teratology
By: S. Alexandra Aston
| Published: May 23, 2014
James Graves Wilson's six principles of teratology, published in 1959, guide research on teratogenic agents and their effects on developing organisms…
TeratologyAbnormalities, HumanCongenital AbnormalitiesBirth DefectsCongenital Defects
Fetal Surgery
By: Kathleen O'Connor, Erica O'Neil
| Published: Nov 01, 2012
Fetal surgeries are a range of medical interventions performed in utero on the developing fetus of a pregnant woman to treat a number of congenital…
Fetus--SurgeryFetoscopyUltrasonics in obstetricsPregnancyEndoscopy
Johann Friedrich Meckel, the Younger (1781-1833)
By: Lindsey O'Connell
| Published: Oct 11, 2013
Johann Friedrich Meckel studied abnormal animal and human anatomy in nineteenth century Germany in an attempt to explain embryological development.…
PeopleAnatomy, ComparativeEmbryologyBirth Defectsfetal development
Dandy-Walker Syndrome
By: Alexandra Bohnenberger
| Published: Mar 02, 2017
Dandy-Walker Syndrome is a congenital brain defect in humans characterized by malformations to the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls…
Dandy, Walter Edward, 1886-1946Walker, A. Earl (Arthur Earl), 1907-1995HydrocephalusBirth DefectsDandy-Walker Syndrome
"Experimental Studies on Congenital Malformations" (1959), by James G. Wilson
By: Chanapa Tantibanchachai
| Published: Jun 15, 2017
The article Experimental Studies on Congenital Malformations was published in the Journal of Chronic Diseases in 1959. The author, James G. Wilson,…
LiteratureAbnormalities, HumanBirth DefectsTeratologymalformations
Isotretinoin (Accutane) as a Teratogen
By: Chanapa Tantibanchachai
| Published: Jul 20, 2014
Isotretinoin is a molecule and a byproduct (metabolite) of vitamin A, and in greater than normal amounts in pregnant women, it can cause fetal…
Teratogenic agentsVitamin AIsotretinoinAbnormalities, HumanTeratogens
Josef Warkany (1902–1992)
By: Chanapa Tantibanchachai, Bianca Zietal
| Published: May 26, 2017
Josef Warkany studied the environmental causes of birth defects in the United States in the twentieth century. Warkany was one of the first…
Abnormalities, HumanVitamin ARetinoidsHypervitaminosiscalomel