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Introduced by Conrad Hal Waddington in 1942, the concept of epigenetics gave scientists a new paradigm of thought concerning embryonic development,…
EpigenomicsEpigeneticsIn November 1998, two independent reports were published concerning the first isolation of pluripotent human stem cells, one of which was "Derivation…
LiteratureStem CellsPublicationsStem cells are undifferentiated cells that are capable of dividing for long periods of time and can give rise to specialized cells under particular…
Stem CellsReproductiondifferentiationHuman DevelopmentThe spinal column is the central structure in the vertebrate body from which stability, movement, and posture all derive. The vertebrae of the spine…
Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and AbnormalitiesReproductionVertebratesCongenital DisordersThroughout history many different methods have been devised for the early detection of pregnancy. From the time of the Ancient Egyptians, inspection…
Pregnancy TestsReproductionFertilityPrenatal exposure to alcohol (ethanol) results in a continuum of physical, neurological, behavioral, and learning defects collectively grouped under…
fetal alcohol syndromeReproductionHuman DevelopmentEstrogen plays a key role in the regulation of gene transcription. This is accomplished by its ability to act as a ligand and to bind to specific…
DiethylstilbestrolEstrogenHuman DevelopmentEmbryogenesis is an intricate process that can easily be disrupted by means of teratogenic agents. Some of these agents target the embryonic period's…
ThalidomideHuman DevelopmentFetusWhen placental mammals are born their circulatory systems undergo radical changes as the newborns are prepared for independent life. The lungs are…
Blood CirculationMammalscirculationEarly development occurs in a highly organized and orchestrated manner and has long attracted the interest of developmental biologists and…
Cell Lineage