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In April 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick published “Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure of Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid” or “A…
LiteratureDNAComplementary DNADNA ReplicationDeoxyribonucleic AcidIn humans, multi-fetal pregnancy occurs when a mother carries more than one fetus during the pregnancy. The most common multi-fetal pregnancy is…
ReproductionFetusHuman DevelopmentThe French flag model represents how embryonic cells receive and respond to genetic information and subsequently differentiate into patterns. Created…
ModelsGeneticsInduced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) are cells derived from non-pluripotent cells, such as adult somatic cells, that are genetically manipulated so…
LiteratureStem CellsRegenerationThe American Eugenics Society (AES) was established in the US by Madison Grant, Harry H. Laughlin, Henry Crampton, Irving Fisher, and Henry F.…
OrganizationsEugenicsHeredity, HumanHeredityInvoluntary SterilizationIn the second half of the twentieth century, scientists learned how to clone organisms in some species of mammals. Scientists have applied somatic…
CloningCell nuclei--TransplantationSpemann, Hans, 1869-1941Genetic EngineeringLynn Petra Alexander Sagan Margulis was an American biologist, whose work in the mid-twentieth century focused on cells living together in a mutually…
Eukaryotic cellsMitosissymbiosisMitochondriaMicroorganisms--EvolutionCraig C. Mello is an American developmental biologist and Nobel Laureate, who helped discover RNA interference (RNAi). Along with his colleague…
PeopleRNA InterferenceBiographyIn 2006, bioethicist Jason Scott Robert published “The Science and Ethics of Making Part-Human Animals in Stem Cell Biology” in The FASEB Journal.…
LiteratureGeneticsbioethicsStem Cell ResearchStem CellsDavid Baltimore studied viruses and the immune system in the US during the twentieth century. In 1975, Baltimore was awarded the Nobel Prize in…
Baltimore, DavidDNAAcquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome