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Josef Warkany (1902–1992)
By: Chanapa Tantibanchachai, Bianca Zietal
| Published: May 26, 2017
Josef Warkany studied the environmental causes of birth defects in the United States in the twentieth century. Warkany was one of the first…
Abnormalities, HumanVitamin ARetinoidsHypervitaminosiscalomel
"Health Status of Vietnam Veterans III. Reproductive Outcomes and Child Health" (1988), by the US Centers for Disease Control
By: Cecilia Chou
| Published: Apr 13, 2017
In 1988, the US Centers for Disease Control published 'Health Status of Vietnam Veterans III. Reproductive Outcomes and Child Health,' which…
LiteratureAgent OrangeHerbicidesSpina BifidaVeterans Administration
Agent Orange as a Cause of Spina Bifida
By: Cecilia Chou
| Published: Mar 09, 2017
Spina bifida is a birth defect that affects the spines of developing fetuses and infants, and research in the 20th century indicated that chemicals…
Agent OrangeHerbicidesSpina BifidaNeural tube--AbnormalitiesSpinal cord--Abnormalities
Agent Orange Birth Defects
By: Cecilia Chou, Jesse King
| Published: Mar 07, 2017
Sprayed extensively by the US military in Vietnam, Agent Orange contained a dioxin contaminant later found to be toxic to humans. Despite reports by…
Agent OrangeHerbicidesSpina BifidaNeural tube--AbnormalitiesSpinal cord--Abnormalities
Dandy-Walker Syndrome
By: Alexandra Bohnenberger
| Published: Mar 02, 2017
Dandy-Walker Syndrome is a congenital brain defect in humans characterized by malformations to the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls…
Dandy, Walter Edward, 1886-1946Walker, A. Earl (Arthur Earl), 1907-1995HydrocephalusBirth DefectsDandy-Walker Syndrome
Virginia Apgar (1909–1974)
By: Carolina J. Abboud
| Published: Feb 16, 2017
Virginia Apgar worked as an obstetrical anesthesiologist, administering drugs that reduce women’s pain during childbirth, in the US in the mid-…
Apgar, Virginia, 1909-1974Apgar ScorePregnancyObstetricsChildbirth
Truman William Brophy (1848–1928)
By: Jillian Renee Kersten
| Published: Feb 11, 2017
Truman William Brophy developed a cleft palate surgical repair, later called the Brophy Operation, in the late nineteenth century US. The procedure…
Cleft PalateDental EducationAmerican Dental AssociationmalformationsBirth Defects
The Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Vertebrates
By: Dorothy Regan Haskett
| Published: Jun 27, 2016
The hedgehog signaling pathway is a mechanism that regulates cell growth and differentiation during embryonic development, called embryogenesis, in…
Drosophila melanogasterCyclopiaGenetic regulationZebra danioGenes
Isotretinoin (Accutane) as a Teratogen
By: Chanapa Tantibanchachai
| Published: Jul 20, 2014
Isotretinoin is a molecule and a byproduct (metabolite) of vitamin A, and in greater than normal amounts in pregnant women, it can cause fetal…
Teratogenic agentsVitamin AIsotretinoinAbnormalities, HumanTeratogens
Environment and Birth Defects (1973), by James G. Wilson
By: S. Alexandra Aston
| Published: Jun 21, 2014
Environment and Birth Defects by James Graves Wilson in the US was published in 1973. The book summarized information on the causes of malformations…
LiteratureBirth DefectsAbnormalities, HumanTeratogensTeratology