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In its 1993 decision Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., the US Supreme Court established the Daubert Standard for evaluating the…
LawBendectin (Trademark)Morning SicknessSedativesAbnormalities, HumanJosef Warkany studied the environmental causes of birth defects in the United States in the twentieth century. Warkany was one of the first…
Abnormalities, HumanVitamin ARetinoidsHypervitaminosiscalomelIn 1980, Ernesto Ippolito and Ignacio Ponseti published their results on a histological study they performed on congenital club foot in human fetuses…
ClubfootPonseti, I. V. (Ignacio V.), 1914-2009Abnormalities, HumanHistologyHistology, PathologicalVirginia Apgar worked as an obstetrical anesthesiologist, administering drugs that reduce women’s pain during childbirth, in the US in the mid-…
Apgar, Virginia, 1909-1974Apgar ScorePregnancyObstetricsChildbirthIsidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire studied anatomy and congenital abnormalities in humans and other animals in nineteenth century France. Under the…
TeratologyAnimals--AbnormalitiesAbnormalities, HumanNatural historyAnatomyTruman William Brophy developed a cleft palate surgical repair, later called the Brophy Operation, in the late nineteenth century US. The procedure…
Cleft PalateDental EducationAmerican Dental AssociationmalformationsBirth DefectsIsotretinoin is a molecule and a byproduct (metabolite) of vitamin A, and in greater than normal amounts in pregnant women, it can cause fetal…
Teratogenic agentsVitamin AIsotretinoinAbnormalities, HumanTeratogensEnvironment and Birth Defects by James Graves Wilson in the US was published in 1973. The book summarized information on the causes of malformations…
LiteratureBirth DefectsAbnormalities, HumanTeratogensTeratologyJames Graves Wilson's six principles of teratology, published in 1959, guide research on teratogenic agents and their effects on developing organisms…
TeratologyAbnormalities, HumanCongenital AbnormalitiesBirth DefectsCongenital DefectsThalidomide is a sedative drug introduced to European markets on 1 October 1957 after extensive testing on rodent embryos to ensure its safety. Early…
ContextTeratogenicity testingAbnormalities, HumanThalidomide--Side effectsThalidomide