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In 1904, physician William Henry Walling published Sexology, a family medicine reference book. In his book, Walling proposed that his guidance would…
LiteratureMasturbationCoitus interruptusSexSexologyIn April 1994, Elizabeth Raymond, Sven Cnattingius, and John Kiely published “Effects of Maternal Age, Parity, and Smoking on the Risk of Stillbirth…
LiteratureFetal deathStillbirthPregnancyGestational AgeIn 1999, the Inter-agency Working Group on Reproductive Health in Crises, hereafter the IAWG, wrote the Minimum Initial Services Package, hereafter…
LiteratureRefugee campsChildbirthBirthHIVIn 1999, Joseph Bruner, Susan B. Drummond, Anna L. Meenan, and Ina May Gaskin published, “All-fours Maneuver for Reducing Shoulder Dystocia During…
LiteratureShoulder DystociaMidwiferyBirth InjuriesBirth injuries--ComplicationsIn 1987, the World Health Organization, or WHO, took action to improve the quality of maternal health around the world through the declaration of the…
PregnancyGestationPoorLow-income parentsMothers--MortalityIn 2011, fetal researcher Vivette Glover published “Annual Research Review: Prenatal Stress and the Origins of Psychopathology: An Evolutionary…
LiteratureStress in adolescenceStress in youthPsychological StressPregnancyIn the 1971 court case United States v. Milan Vuitch, hereafter US v. Vuitch, the US Supreme Court ruled that a Washington, DC law was constitutional…
LawAbortionReproductive RightsContraceptionSexual rightsDuring the twentieth century, Thomas Raphael Verny studied the way that environment affects a developing fetus’s character and psychological…
PeoplePrenatal CarePrenatal EducationPrenatal care--UtilizationFetal behaviorIn 2014, the United States Food and Drug Administration published the Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule to amend previous guidelines for the…
LawDrugs--LabelingDrugs--Labeling--Law and legislationTeratogenic agentsFetus--Effect of drugs onIn 2000, Catherine Monk, William Fifer, Michael Myers, Richard Sloan, Leslie Trien, and Alicia Hurtado published “Maternal stress responses and…
LiteratureHeart--Effect of stress onStress (Psychology)Stress (Physiology)Fetus